Compositions containing copolymers of post-polymerization reacted (meth) acrylate monomers

ABSTRACT

A composition that includes a non-gelled copolymer that includes one or more residues of a first polymerizable ethylenically unsaturated monomer containing a pendant amide, ester or carboxylic acid group. The nearest neighboring monomer residues of the majority of the first monomer residues along the copolymer molecule do not contain pendant carbonyl functional groups. The amide, ester or carboxylic acid group of the residues of the first monomer are the post polymerization transesterification, transamidification or hydrolysis reaction product of a C 1 -C 4  alkyl ester group in the unreacted first monomer with a compound selected from amine functional compounds and hydroxy functional compounds. The reacted copolymer is substantially free of cyclical structures resulting from the transesterification, transamidification or hydrolysis reaction. The compositions may be thermosetting compositions useful in multi-layer composite coatings.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] 1. Field of the Invention

[0002] The present invention relates generally to compositions thatcontain copolymers of vinyl monomers. More specifically, the presentinvention is directed to compositions that contain functional copolymersderived by post-polymerization reaction to incorporate functional groupsinto the copolymer.

[0003] 2. Description of Related Art

[0004] Functional polymers used in liquid, powder, andelectrodepositable coating compositions are typically random copolymersthat include functional group-containing (meth)acrylic monomers. Such afunctional copolymer will contain a mixture of polymer molecules havingvarying individual functional equivalent weights and polymer chainstructures. In such a copolymer, the functional groups are locatedrandomly along the polymer chain. Moreover, the number of functionalgroups is not divided equally among the polymer molecules, such thatsome polymer molecules may actually be free of functionality.

[0005] Additionally, attempts to introduce functionality into(meth)acrylic ester containing homopolymers and copolymers by reactingthe polymer with an appropriate functional compound after polymerizationoften results in the formation of cyclic structures along the polymerbackbone where (meth)acrylic residues are positioned next to each otheralong the polymer chain, i.e. nearest neighbors. The formation of cyclicstructures occurs when nearest neighbor acrylic or methacrylic residueseach react with a functional group in the functional compound resultingin, a pendant linkage between the nearest neighbor acrylic ormethacrylic residues. The result is a loss of functionality in thepolymer as well as an undesirable change in physical properties such asglass transition temperature, solubility and compatibility with othermaterials.

[0006] (Meth)acrylic structural feature may be introduced into acopolymer by utilizing (meth)acrylonitrile as a comonomer. The nitrilecontaining moiety in (meth)acrylonitrile may be converted to thecorresponding amide or carboxylic acid through hydrolysis. Methods forhydrolysis of nitrile containing polymers are disclosed, for example, inU.S. Pat. No. 2,751,367 to Yost et al., which is herein incorporated byreference. A common problem in such hydrolysis reactions is theformation of cyclic acid imides when the nitrile containing moieties arenearest neighbors (see for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,286 to Krakkayet al., col. 5, lines 1-42, which is herein incorporated by reference).

[0007] As an example, in thermosetting compositions, the formation of athree-dimensional crosslinked network is dependent on the availablefunctionality, the functional equivalent weight as well as thearchitecture of the individual polymer molecules that comprise it.Polymer molecules having little or no reactive functionality (or havingfunctional groups that are unlikely to participate in crosslinkingreactions due to their locations along the polymer chain) willcontribute little or nothing to the formation of the three-dimensionalcrosslinked network, resulting in decreased crosslink density and lessthan optimum physical properties of the finally formed thermosetcoating.

[0008] It would, therefore, be desirable to provide compositions thatinclude functional (meth)acrylic copolymers that are free of undesirablecyclization reactions and provide unencumbered access to the functionalgroups therein to participate in desired reactions such as thermosettingand curing reactions.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0009] The present invention is directed to a composition that includesa non-gelled copolymer comprising one or more residues of a firstpolymerizable ethylenically unsaturated monomer containing a pendantamide, ester or carboxylic acid group. The nearest neighboring monomerresidues of the majority of the first monomer residues along thecopolymer molecule do not contain pendant carbonyl functional groups.The amide, ester or carboxylic acid group of the residues of the firstmonomer are the post polymerization transesterification,transamidification or hydrolysis reaction product of a group in theresidue of a first polymerizable ethylenically unsaturated compound suchas a C₁ to C₄ alkyl ester group with a compound selected from aminefunctional compounds and hydroxy functional compounds. The reactedcopolymer is substantially free of cyclical structures resulting fromthe transesterification, transamidification or hydrolysis reaction.

[0010] The present invention is also directed to compositions includingthe non-gelled copolymer that contain co-reactive functional groups. Inparticular, these compositions may be thermosetting compositions. Thepresent invention is additionally directed to multi-layer compositecoatings that include one or more coating layers that include thethermosetting compositions.

[0011] In a further embodiment, the present compositions include anon-gelled copolymer containing reactive functional groups and at leastone other component, which contains functional groups that are reactivewith the functional groups of the non-gelled copolymer.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0012] Other than in the operating examples, or where otherwiseindicated, all numbers, or expressions referring to quantities ofingredients, reaction conditions, etc., used in the specification andclaims are to be understood as modified in all instances by the term“about.” Various numerical ranges are disclosed in this patentapplication. Because these ranges are continuous, they include everyvalue between the minimum and maximum values. Unless expressly indicatedotherwise, the various numerical ranges specified in this applicationare approximations.

[0013] As used herein and in the claims, the term “copolymercomposition” is meant to include a synthesized copolymer as well asresidues from initiators, catalysts, other elements attendant to thesynthesis of the copolymer, but not covalently incorporated thereto andother materials, compounds and the like that may be intentionally mixedwith the copolymer. Such residues and other elements considered as partof the copolymer composition are typically mixed or co-mingled with thecopolymer such that they tend to remain with the copolymer when it istransferred between vessels or between solvent or dispersion media.

[0014] As used herein and in the claims, the term “(meth)acrylate” andlike terms is intended to include both acrylates and methacrylates.

[0015] As used herein and in the claims, the term “majority monomerresidues” refer to 50% plus one of the indicated monomer residues.

[0016] As used herein and in the claims, the term “substantially free”is meant to indicate that a material is present as an incidentalimpurity. In other words, the material is not intentionally added to anindicated composition, but may be present at minor or inconsequentiallevels because it was carried over as an impurity as part of an intendedcomposition component.

[0017] The present invention is directed to a composition that includesa non-gelled copolymer. As used herein and in the claims, the terms“non-gelled” or “ungelled” refer to reaction products that aresubstantially free of crosslinking and have a measurable intrinsicviscosity when dissolved in a suitable solvent. The intrinsic viscosityis determined by plotting reduced viscosity versus concentration andextrapolating to zero concentration as is well known in the art. Agelled reaction product, on the other hand, since it is of essentiallyinfinitely high molecular weight, will have an intrinsic viscosity toohigh to measure.

[0018] The composition of the present invention includes a non-gelledcopolymer that contains one or more residues of a first polymerizableethylenically unsaturated monomer that contains a pendant amide, esteror carboxylic acid group. In the majority of cases the monomer residuesimmediately adjacent or “nearest neighboring” monomer residues of thefirst monomer residues along the present non-gelled copolymer moleculedo not contain pendant carbonyl functional groups.

[0019] As a non-limiting example, the non-gelled copolymer is derivedfrom a starting copolymer containing a C₁-C₄ alkyl ester group, which ismodified by a post polymerization reaction. The starting copolymertypically includes residues having the following structural units (I):

[0020] where R¹ and R² are independently groups that do not includecarbonyl functional groups and R¹⁰ is selected from H and C₁ to C₄alkyl. As a non-limiting example, R¹ and R² may be selected from H, C₁to C₄ alkyl and C₆ to C₂₄ aryl, C₇ to C₃₁ aralkyl, C₇ to C₃₁ alkaryl andC₁ to C₄ alkoxy. C(O)R⁹ is a group that is capable of a reactionselected from transesterification, transamidification and hydrolysiswith hydroxy functional compounds or amine functional compounds; R⁹ inthe copolymer can be a group —O—R³³, where R³³ is C₁ to C₄ alkyl such asmethyl, ethyl, linear or branched propyl or butyl.

[0021] The structural units depicted in structure (I) can be associatedwith a copolymer containing alternating monomer residues of thefollowing structures:

[0022] where the monomer residue (IA) is derived from a so called“donor” monomer and the monomer residue (IB) is derived from a so calledaccepter monomer.

[0023] An alternating copolymer such as that depicted by structure (I)may contain at least 30 mol % of alternating monomer residues, in somecases at least 40 mol %, in other cases at least 50 mol %, in somesituations at least 60 mol %, in other situations at least 75 mol % andin some instances the copolymer contains 100 mol % of the alternatingmonomer residues depicted in structure (I).

[0024] The concept of “donor” monomers and “acceptor monomers” has beendescribed and has been quantified to an extent by the Alfrey-Price Q-escheme (Robert Z. Greenley, Polymer Handbook, Fourth Edition, Brandrup,Immergut and Gulke, editors, Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y., pp. 309-319(1999)). All e values recited herein are those appearing in the PolymerHandbook unless otherwise indicated.

[0025] In the Q-e scheme, Q reflects the reactivity of a monomer and erepresents the polarity of a monomer. A positive value for e indicatesthat a monomer is an acceptor monomer. A low or negative value for eindicates that a monomer is a donor monomer.

[0026] As referred to herein, a “strong acceptor monomer” is meant toinclude those monomers with an e value greater than 2.0. The term “mildacceptor monomer” is meant to include those monomers with an e valuegreater than 0.5 up to and including those monomers with an e value of2.0. Conversely, the term “strong donor monomer” is meant to includethose monomers with an e value of less that −1.5, and the term “milddonor monomer” is meant to include those monomers with an e value ofless than 0.5 to those with an e value of −1.5.

[0027] Typically, at least 15 mol % of the copolymer is derived from adonor monomer of the following structure:

[0028] where R¹ and R² are defined above in structure I. Further, atleast 15 mol % of the copolymer is derived from an acceptor monomer ofthe following structure:

[0029] where R⁹ and R¹⁰ are defined above in structure I.

[0030] In an embodiment of the present invention, the copolymerincorporates a substantial portion of alternating residues of a milddonor monomer as described by structure IC and a mild acceptor monomer,which is an acrylic monomer as depicted in structure ID. A non-limitinglist of published e values for monomers that may be included as monomersdescribed by structure IC and acrylic monomers of structure ID are shownin Table 1. TABLE 1 Alfrey-Price e values for Selected Monomers Monomere value Monomers of structure I(C) Isobutylene −1.20¹ Diisobutylene0.49² Acrylic Monomers of structure I(D) Methyl acrylate 0.64¹ Ethylacrylate 0.55¹ Butyl acrylate 0.85¹

[0031] Examples of suitable donor monomer described by Structure IC areisobutylene, diisobutylene, dipentene, 1-octene and isoprenol. Suitableother donor monomers that may be used in the present invention include,but are not limited to, ethylene, butene, styrene, substituted styrenes,methyl styrene, vinyl ethers, vinyl pyridines, divinyl benzene, vinylnaphthalene, and divinyl naphthalene.

[0032] The mild donor monomer residue of structure I(A) can be presentin the copolymer composition at a level of at least 15 mol %, in somecases at least 25 mol %, typically at least 30 mol %, and, in somecases, at least 35 mol %. The mild donor monomer residues of structureI(A) also can be present in the copolymer composition at a level of upto 50 mol %, in some cases up to 47.5 mol %, typically up to 45 mol %,and, in some cases, up to 40 mol %.

[0033] Examples of suitable acceptor monomers that may be used in thepresent invention include methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-butylacrylate, and isobutyl acrylate.

[0034] Suitable other acceptor monomers that may be used in the presentinvention include, but are not limited to, isobornyl acrylate,acrylamide, perfluoro methyl ethyl acrylate, perfluoro ethyl ethylacrylate, perfluoro butyl ethyl acrylate, trifluoromethyl benzylacrylate, perfluoro alkyl ethyl, chlorotrifluoro ethylene, 2-ethylhexylacrylate, vinyl halides, including, but are not limited to, vinylchloride and vinylidene fluoride.

[0035] After the post polymerization reaction, the non-gelled copolymertypically includes residues having the following structural units (II):

[0036] where each occurrence of R¹, R² and R¹⁰ are as defined above.

[0037] As shown in structural unit II, the nearest neighboring monomerresidues of the first monomer residues along the present non-gelledcopolymer molecule do not contain pendant carbonyl functional groups. Inother words, the —CH₂—CR¹⁰(C(O)R¹⁴)— moiety in structural unit II isflanked by —CR¹R²—CR¹R²— moieties that do not contain carbonylfunctional groups. In this way the —CH₂—CR¹¹(COR¹⁴)— moiety is said tobe isolated along the polymer chain.

[0038] The C(O)R¹⁴ group of the —CH₂—CR¹⁰(C(O)R¹⁴)— moiety in structuralunit II is typically an amide, ester or carboxylic acid group formed bya post polymerization reaction such as a transesterification, atransamidification or a hydrolysis reaction with a C₁-C₄ alkyl estergroup (a non-limiting example being the C(O)R⁹ group of the—CH₂—CR¹⁰(C(O)R⁹)— moiety in structural unit I) in the unreacted firstmonomer with a compound selected from amine functional compounds andhydroxy functional compounds. The reacted copolymer is substantiallyfree of cyclical structures resulting from the transesterification,transamidification or hydrolysis reaction.

[0039] The transesterification, transamidification or hydrolysisreaction of group R⁹ in structural unit I results in the formation ofgroup R¹⁴ in structural unit II. Each occurrence of R¹⁴ in structuralunit II of the copolymer is independently one or more of structuralformulas III-XV:

[0040] where each occurrence of R⁴ is independently selected fromhydrogen and C₁ to C₄ alkyl. R⁵ is a radical selected from H, linear,cyclic or branched C₁ to C₂₀ alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl,alkylol, aralkylol, alkyl thiol, aralkyl thiol, alkyl isocyanate,aralkyl isocyanate, blocked alkyl isocyanate, blocked alkaryl isocyanateand radicals derived from polyesters, polyethylene glycol orpolypropylene glycol. Each occurrence of R⁶ is independently selectedfrom hydrogen and C₁ to C₄ alkyl and alkylol, R⁷ is selected from thegroup consisting of H, methyl, linear, cyclic or branched C₂ to C₂₀alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, alkylol, aralkylol, alkyl thiol,aralkyl thiol and polyamide radicals. R⁸ is a linking group selectedfrom linear, cyclic or branched C₂ to C₂₀ alkylene, alkenylene, arylene,alkarylene, aralkylene and oxyalkalene. R¹⁶ is selected from hydrogen,C₁ to C₄ alkyl, —OH, —OR⁷ and —C(O)—R⁷. R¹¹ is a radical derived frompolyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol and mixtures thereof, p and qare each independently from 0 to 6 and the sum of p+q is at least 2 andnot more than 8. Each occurrence of R⁹ is independently selected fromhydrogen and C₁ to C₄ alkyl. X is an anion derived from one or moreorganic or inorganic acids or propylene oxide.

[0041] As used herein and in the claims, the term “linear” refers tohydrocarbon and/or polymer chains that substantially in a straight line.As used herein and in the claims, the term “cyclic” refers to anycompound or structural unit of a compound that is made up of a ring ofatoms covalently bonded together. As used herein and in the claims, theterm “branched” refers to hydrocarbon and/or polymer chains that containside chains connected or otherwise covalently bonded to the main chain.As used herein and in the claims, the term “alkyl” refers to a saturatedhydrocarbon having the general formula C_(n)H_(2n+1) covalently bondedto another atom, compound or molecule. As used herein and in the claims,the term “alkenyl” refers to a hydrocarbon that contains one or morecarbon-carbon double bonds.

[0042] As used herein and in the claims unless indicated to thecontrary, the term “aryl” refers to a group obtained by removing ahydrogen atom from an aromatic compound, non-limiting examples of whichinclude phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl, phenalenyl, anthracenyl,triphenylenyl, fluoranthenyl, pyrenyl, pentacenyl, chrysenyl,naphthacenyl, hexaphenyl, picenyl and perylenyl. As used herein and inthe claims, the term “aralkyl” refers to an aryl group, where one ormore of the hydrogen atoms have been substituted or replaced with analkyl group of from 1 to 24 carbon atoms. As used herein and in theclaims, the term “alkaryl” refers to a group that contains an alkylgroup of from 1 to 24 carbon atoms where one or more of the hydrogenatoms have been substituted or replaced with an aryl group.

[0043] As used herein and in the claims, the term “alkylol” refers toany alkyl or alkenyl group where one or more hydrogen atoms have beenreplaced or substituted with a hydroxyl group. As used herein and in theclaims, the term “aralkylol” refers to an aralkyl group where one ormore hydrogen atoms have been replaced or substituted with a hydroxylgroup. As used herein and in the claims, the term “alkyl thiol” refersto any alkyl or alkenyl group where one or more hydrogen atoms have beenreplaced or substituted with an —SH group. As used herein and in theclaims, the term “aralkyl thiol” refers to an aralkyl group where one ormore hydrogen atoms have been replaced or substituted with a —SH group.

[0044] As used herein and in the claims, the term “alkyl isocyanate”refers to any alkyl or alkenyl group where one or more hydrogen atomshave been replaced or substituted with a —NCO group. As used herein andin the claims, the term “aralkyl isocyanate” refers to an aralkyl groupwhere one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced or substituted witha —NCO group.

[0045] As used herein and in the claims, the terms “capped isocyanate”or “blocked isocyanate” refer to isocyanate groups where the —NCO grouphas been reacted with an appropriate “capping” or “blocking” agent.Suitable capping or blocking agents include, but are not limited tohydroxy functional compounds, such as ethylene glycol butyl ether,phenol and p-hydroxy methylbenzoate; 1H-azoles, such as1H-1,2,4-triazole and 1H-2,5-dimethyl pyrazole; lactams, such ase-caprolactam and 2-pyrolidone; ketoximes, such as 2-propane oxime and2-butanone oxime and those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,508,337 atcolumn 7, lines 11 through 22, the disclosure of which is incorporatedherein by reference. Other capping groups include morpholine,3-aminopropyl morpholine and n-hydroxy phthalimide.

[0046] When R⁵ is a polyester residue, it is typically derived from ahydroxy functional polyester. Useful hydroxy functional polyesterstypically include the esterification product of a polycarboxylic acid oran anhydride thereof with a polyol and/or an epoxide. As a non-limitingexample, the polyol may be a linear or cyclic polyol. Useful cyclicpolyols can include any of a variety of polyhydric cyclic compounds wellknown in the art. Non-limiting examples of cyclic polyols includeBisphenol A, Bisphenol F, Bisphenol E, M, P, Z, and the like,hydrogenated Bisphenol A, hydrogenated Bisphenol F, hydrogenatedBisphenol E, M, P, Z, and the like cyclohexyl dimethanol, cyclohexanediol and mixtures thereof. Polyols that can be used to prepare thepolyester include diols such as alkylene glycols. Non-limiting examplesof linear polyols include ethylene glycol, 1,6-hexanediol, neopentylglycol, 2,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypropyl-2,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypropionateand polyether glycols such as poly(oxytetramethylene)glycol, and thelike.

[0047] As a non-limiting example, the polycarboxylic acid may be alinear or cyclic polycarboxylic acid or anhydride. The cyclicpolycarboxylic acid or anhydride can be any cyclic compound having twoor more carboxylic acid groups per molecule. Non-limiting examples ofsuitable cyclic polycarboxylic acids or anhydrides includehexahydrophthalic acid; phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalicacid, trimellitic acid, anhydrides thereof, and mixtures thereof.Non-limiting examples of linear carboxylic acids include adipic acid,sebacic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tricarballylic acid, anhydridesthereof, and mixtures thereof.

[0048] The hydroxy functional polyester may be prepared by any of thevarious methods known in the art, non-limiting examples of which aredisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,451,928 to Ambrose et al.

[0049] When R⁷ is a polyamide residue, it is typically derived from anamine functional polyamide. Useful amine functional polyamides typicallyinclude the condensation product of a polycarboxylic acid or ananhydride thereof with a polyamine, as is well known in the art. In anembodiment of the present invention, the polyamine may be one or morediamines. The diamines used in the preparation of the polyamide may beone or more of the known aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic diamineshaving from about 2 to about 20 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples ofsuitable diamines include ethylene diamine, 1,3-diaminopropane,1,4-diaminobutane, p-xylene diamine, 1,6-hexamethylene diamine,cyclohexyl amine, bis(4-cyclohexylamine)methane,2,2′-bis(4-cyclohexylamine)propane, polyglycol diamines, isophoronediamine., m-xylene diamine, cyclohexylbis(methylamines),polyoxyalkylenediamine (examples of which include the JEFFAMINE diaminesavailable from Huntsman, Austin, Tex.), 2-methyl-1,5-pentane diamine,1,4-bis-(2-aminoethyl)benzene, dimer diamine, polyether diamines,methylpentamethylene diamine, and piperazine. As a non-limiting example,the polycarboxylic acid may be a linear or cyclic polycarboxylic acid oranhydride as described above.

[0050] Useful polyamides include those available under the tradenameVERSAMID, available from Cognis Corp., Cincinnati, Ohio.

[0051] In formula II, R¹⁴ may be a residue that is incorporated into thecopolymer by polymerizing a monomer having the formula CH₂═CR¹⁰—C(O)—R¹⁴, where R¹⁰ and R¹⁴ are defined as described above.Alternatively, R¹⁴ may be a group that is introduced into the copolymerthrough a transesterification, transamidation or hydrolysis reactionwith a residue provided from an acrylate ester as is described below.

[0052] In the present copolymer, the structural units (II) may bepresent at a level of at least 30 mol %, in some cases at least 40 mol%, in other cases at least 50 mol %, in some situations at least 60 mol%, in other situations at least 75 mol % of the copolymer and inparticular cases, the copolymer include 100% of repeating residues ofstructural units (II). The amount of structural units (II) in thecopolymer will depend on the desired properties required of thecopolymer, including the degree of functionality.

[0053] When the copolymer does not include 100% of the residues ofstructural units (II), the copolymer may include residues having thestructural units (XVI):

[0054] wherein R¹⁰ is as defined above and R¹⁵ is selected from thegroup consisting of methyl, ethyl, linear, cyclic or branched C₃ to C₂₀alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, alkaryl and aralkyl. Residues having structuralunits (XVI) may result from specific transesterification reactions orremain as unreacted acrylate ester residues after a transesterification,transamidation or hydrolysis has been performed.

[0055] Structural units (XVI) may be present in the copolymer at tracelevels of up to 0.5 mol %, or structural units (XV) may be present, insome cases, up to 1 mol %, in other cases up to 5 mol % and in somesituations up to 10 mol % of the copolymer when structural units (XVI)result from incomplete reaction. When structural units (XVI) providespecific desirable characteristics to the copolymer, structural units(XVI) may be present at a level of least 1 mol %, in some cases at least5 mol %, in other cases at least 10 mol %, in some situation at least 20mol %, in other situations at least 30 mol % and in some instances atleast 40 mol % of the copolymer. Additionally, structural units (XVI)may be present at up to 70 mol %, in some cases up to 60 mol % and inother cases up to 50 mol % of the copolymer. The level of structuralunits (XVI) may vary between any of the levels recited above.

[0056] In an embodiment of the present invention, the copolymer mayinclude one or more residues derived from other ethylenicallyunsaturated monomers of general formula XVII:

[0057] where R¹¹, R¹², R¹³ and R¹⁴ are independently selected from H,halides, CF₃, straight or branched alkyl of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, arylof 6 to 12 carbon atoms, unsaturated straight or branched alkenyl oralkynyl of 2 to 10 carbon atoms, unsaturated straight or branchedalkenyl of 2 to 6 carbon atoms substituted with a halogen, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl and phenyl. In a particular embodiment of thepresent invention, the other ethylenically unsaturated monomers offormula XVII may be one or more allylic monomers.

[0058] As used herein and in the claims, by “allylic monomers” is meantmonomers containing substituted and/or unsubstituted allylicfunctionality, i.e., one or more radicals represented by the followinggeneral formula XVIII,

H₂C═C(R₁₆)—CH₂—  (XVIII)

[0059] where R₁₆ is hydrogen, halogen or a C₁ to C₄ alkyl group. Mostcommonly, R₁₆ is hydrogen or methyl and, consequently, general formulaXVIII represents the unsubstituted (meth)allyl radical. Examples ofallylic monomers may each independently be residues of, but are notlimited to, (meth)allyl ethers, such as methyl (meth)allyl ether and(meth)allyl glycidyl ether; allyl esters of carboxylic acids, such as(meth)allyl acetate, (meth)allyl butyrate, (meth)allyl3,4-dimethoxybenzoate and (meth)allyl benzoate.

[0060] As used herein and in the claims, unless otherwise specified, theterm “molecular weight” refers to number average molecular weight asdetermined by gel permeation chromatography using polystyrene standards.As used herein and in the claims, the term “polydispersity index” or“PDI” refers to the weight average molecular weight (Mw) divided by thenumber average molecular weight (Mn) of the copolymer as determined bygel permeation chromatography using polystyrene standards.

[0061] The molecular weight of the copolymer will vary depending on agiven desired use and/or desired physical properties and may be as highas 1,000,000 or as low as 250. The molecular weight of the copolymer maybe at least 500, in some cases at least 1,000, in other cases at least1,500, in some situations at least 2,000 and in other situations atleast 2,500. The molecular weight of the copolymer may be up to 10,000,in some cases up to 14,000, in other cases up to 16,000, in somesituations up to 25,000, in other situations up to 50,000, in instancesrequiring high molecular weight up to 100,000, in other such instancesup to 250,000 and in certain high molecular weight requirements up to500,000. The molecular weight of the copolymer may vary between any ofthe values recited above.

[0062] The PDI of the copolymer may vary depending on the requirementsof the desired use or application as well as the method used to preparethe copolymer. The PDI is typically at least 1, often at least 1.25 orat least 1.5. The PDI may be less than 3, less than 4 and in other casesat less than 5 and in some situations less than 7. Some polymerizationmethods result in large PDIs, which for the present copolymer may be ashigh as 30, in some cases up to 25, in other cases up to 20, in somepolymerization methods up to 15 and in other methods up to 10. The PDImay vary between any of the levels recited above.

[0063] As was mentioned above, the present composition may include thereaction product of a reactant selected from hydroxy functionalcompounds and amine functional compounds with a copolymer comprisingresidues of structure I.

[0064] In an embodiment of the present invention, the residue structuralunit —CH₂—CR¹⁰(C(O)—R⁹)— may be derived from a nitrile containing moiety—CH₂—CR¹⁰(CN)—. In other words, the residues of the structural unit maybe derived from a nitrile containing copolymer that has been hydrolyzed.Such a structural feature can be obtained, for example, by utilizingacrylonitrile as a comonomer. The nitrile containing moiety may beconverted to the corresponding amide or carboxylic acid throughhydrolysis. Methods for hydrolysis of nitrile containing polymers aredisclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 2,751,367 to Yost et al., whichis herein incorporated by reference.

[0065] Any suitable hydroxy compound may be used in the presentinvention. Suitable hydroxy compounds include, but are not limited towater and hydroxy functional compounds selected from structures XX-XXIX.

[0066] Any suitable amine may be used in the present invention. Suitableamines include, but are not limited to amine functional compoundsselected from structures XXX and XXXI.

H—NR⁶—R⁷  (XXX)

—NR⁶—R¹⁷—NR⁶R⁷  (XXXI)

[0067] For structures XX-XXXI, each occurrence of R⁴ is independentlyselected from hydrogen and C₁ to C₄ alkyl, R^(5′) is a radical selectedfrom linear, cyclic or branched C₂ to C₂₀ alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, alkaryl,aralkyl, alkylol, aralkylol, alkyl thiol, aralkyl thiol, alkylisocyanate, aralkyl isocyanate, blocked alkyl isocyanate, blockedalkaryl isocyanate and radicals derived from, polyesters, polyethyleneglycol or polypropylene glycol, each occurrence of R⁶ is independentlyselected from hydrogen and C₁ to C₄ alkyl and alkylol, R⁷ is selectedfrom H, methyl, linear, cyclic or branched C₂ to C₂₀ alkyl, alkenyl,aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, alkylol, aralkylol, alkyl thiol, aralkyl thioland polyamide radicals, R⁸ is a linking group selected from linear,cyclic or branched C₂ to C₂₀ alkylene, alkenylene, arylene, alkarylene,aralkylene and oxyalkylene, R¹⁶ is selected from hydrogen, C₁ to C₄alkyl, —OH, —OR⁷ and —C(O)—R⁷, R¹⁷ is a radical derived frompolyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol and mixtures thereof, p and qare each independently from 0 to 6 and the sum of p+q is at least 2 andnot more than 8, each occurrence of R⁹ is independently selected fromhydrogen and C₁ to C₄ alkyl, and X is an anion derived from one or moreorganic or inorganic acids.

[0068] Non-limiting examples of suitable alcohols corresponding tostructure XX include, but are not limited to alkyl alcohols such asethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, t-butanol, n-hexanol,n-octanol; polyalkylene glycols such as ethylene glycol, propyleneglycol, glycerin, diethyleneglycol, dipropyleneglycol, polyethyleneglycol, polypropylene glycol and hydroxy functional polyesters.

[0069] Non-limiting examples of suitable alcohols corresponding tostructure XXI include, but are not limited to ethanol amine,N,N-dimethylaminoethanol, diglycol amine, 3-amino-1-propanol,2-amino-1-propanol, 4-amino-1-butanol, 2-amino-1-butanol, and higheramino alkylols, polyethyleneoxide mono amines-such as JEFFAMINE XTJ-506and JEFFAMINE M-2070 available from Huntsman Performance Chemicals,Austin, Tex. and polypropyleneoxide mono amines such as JEFFAMINEXTJ-505 and JEFFAMINE XTJ-507 available from Huntsman.

[0070] Non-limiting examples of suitable alcohols corresponding tostructure XXII include, but are not limited to the reaction products ofamino alcohols, including those specifically recited above and alkylenecarbonates. Suitable alkylene carbonates include, but are not limited toethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate and thoseavailable commercially under the JEFFSOL tradename from Huntsman.

[0071] Non-limiting examples of suitable alcohols corresponding tostructure XXIII include, but are not limited to amine salts of the aminoalcohols specifically recited above with inorganic acids, such as HCland HBr as well as quaternized amino alcohols. The quaternized aminoalcohols may be prepared by reacting any of the amino alcohols recitedabove with a suitable quaternization agent. Suitable quaternizing agentsinclude, but are not limited to propylene oxide, CH₃C₁, CH₃Br, CH₃I,CH₃CH₂C₁, CH₃CH₂Br, CH₃CH₂I diethyl sulfate and dimethyl sulfate.

[0072] Non-limiting examples of suitable hydroxy alkyl carbamatescorresponding to structure XXIV include, but are not limited to hydroxyalkyl carbamates such as hydroxy ethyl carbamate, hydroxy propylcarbamate and hydroxy butyl carbamate and oxyalkylene glycol carbamatessuch as polyethyleneglycol carbamate and polypropylene glycol carbamate.

[0073] Non-limiting examples of suitable cycloalkyl hydroxy aminescorresponding to structure XXV include, but are not limited to2-hydroxypiperidine, 3-hydroxypiperidine, 4-hydroxypiperidine,2-pyrrolidinol, 3-pyrrolidinol and 2-methyl-3-pyrrolidinol.

[0074] A non-limiting examples of suitable cycloalkyl hydroxy aminescorresponding to structure XXVI include, but are not limited to2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxypiperidine.

[0075] Non-limiting examples of suitable amines corresponding tostructure XXX include, but are not limited to 3-amino-1,2-propanediol,diethanolamine, dimethylamine, diethyl amine and amine functionalpolyamides.

[0076] Non-limiting examples of suitable diamines corresponding tostructure XXXI include, but are not limited to alkyl diamines such asethylene diamine, propylene diamine, butylene diamine, hexamethylenediamine, 1,4-cyclohexane diamine, triethyleneglycol diamine such asJEFFAMINE EDR-148 from Huntsman, polyoxyethylene diamines such asJEFFAMINE XTJ-502 available from Huntsman and polyoxypropylene diaminessuch as JEFFAMINE D-230, JEFFAMINE D-400 and JEFFAMINE D-2000 availablefrom Huntsman. In an embodiment of the present invention, polyamines maybe used in place of the diamine. Suitable polyamines include, but arenot limited to melamine, triethylenetetramine, hexamethylene tetramine,tris (2-aminoethyl) amine, and polyoxypropylene triamines such asJEFFAMINE T-403, JEFFAMINE T-3000 and JEFFAMINE T-5000 available fromHuntsman.

[0077] In an additional embodiment of the present invention, the hydroxycompound may include amine functionality, such that after atransesterification reaction, the copolymer contains aminefunctionality. In a particular embodiment, the amine functionality is aprimary amine. When the copolymer includes amine functionality, theamine may be further reacted to provide other functional groups.

[0078] As a non-limiting example, when the copolymer includes aminefunctionality, the amine functionality may be reacted with phosgene toform an isocyanate.

[0079] In a further non-limiting example, the amine functionality isreacted with an alkylene carbonate to form the corresponding alkylenehydroxy carbamate. In an embodiment of this example, the alkylenecarbonate may be is selected from ethylene carbonate, propylenecarbonate and butylene carbonate.

[0080] The present invention is also directed to a method of making theabove described composition and copolymer therein. The method includesthe steps of:

[0081] (a) providing a monomer composition comprising:

[0082] (i) at least one monomer having the formula CR¹R²═CR¹R²; and

[0083] (ii) at least one monomer having the formula CH₂═CR¹⁰—C(O)—R⁹,where R⁹ and R¹⁰ are as defined above;

[0084] (b) polymerizing the monomer composition to form a copolymer; and

[0085] (c) reacting the copolymer with a reactant selected from hydroxyfunctional compounds and amine functional compounds to form a non-gelledreacted copolymer, wherein R³ is a group that is capable of a reactionselected from transesterification, transamidification and hydrolysiswith the reactant and the reaction in (c) is one or more of atransesterification, transamidification and hydrolysis reaction betweenR⁹ and the reactant.

[0086] The monomer composition may be polymerized using any suitablepolymerization method. Suitable polymerization methods include, but arenot limited to free radical polymerization methods such as traditionalrandom free radical polymerization methods and photopolymerizationmethods or controlled free radical polymerization processes such asgroup transfer polymerization as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat.No. 4,681,918 and atom transfer radical polymerization as disclosed, forexample, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,807,937, 5,789,487 and 5,763,548, all ofwhich are herein incorporated by reference, and ionic polymerizationmethods such as anionic polymerization and cationic polymerization asare well known in the art.

[0087] When traditional random free radical polymerization methods areused, a free radical initiator is typically used in the polymerizationprocess. Any suitable free radical initiator may be used. Suitable freeradical initiators include, but are not limited to thermal initiators,photoinitiators and oxidation-reduction initiators. Examples of thermalinitiators include, but are not limited to azo compounds, peroxides andpersulfates. Suitable persulfates include, but are not limited to sodiumpersulfate and ammonium persulfate. Oxidation-reduction initiators mayinclude, as non-limiting examples persulfate-bisulfite systems as wellas systems utilizing thermal initiators in combination with appropriatemetal ions such as iron or copper.

[0088] Suitable azo compounds include, but are not limited tonon-water-soluble azo compounds such as1-1′-azobiscyclohexanecarbonitrile), 2-2′-azobisisobutyronitrile,2-2′-azobis(2-methylbutyronitrile), 2-2′-azobis(propionitrile),2-2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), 2-2′-azobis(valeronitrile),2-(carbamoylazo)-isobutyronitrile and mixtures thereof; andwater-soluble azo compounds such as azobis tertiary alkyl compoundsinclude, but are not limited to, 4-4′-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid),2-2′-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride,2,2′-azobis[2-methyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)propionamide],4,4′-azobis(4-cyanopentanoic acid),2,2′-azobis(N,N′-dimethyleneisobutyramidine),2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride,2,2′-azobis(N,N′-dimethyleneisobutyramidine) dihydrochloride andmixtures thereof.

[0089] Suitable peroxides include, but are not limited to hydrogenperoxide, methyl ethyl ketone peroxides, benzoyl peroxides, di-t-butylperoxides, di-t-amyl peroxides, dicumyl peroxides, diacyl peroxides,decanoyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide, peroxydicarbonates, peroxyesters,dialkyl peroxides, hydroperoxides, peroxyketals and mixtures thereof.

[0090] After the monomer composition is polymerized, a base copolymerhaving residues described by structure XIX is formed. The base copolymeris capable of participation in one or more post polymerization reactionssuch as transesterification, transamidification and/or hydrolysis.

[0091] When traditional random free radical polymerization methods areused, the monomer CH₂═CR¹⁰—C(O)—R⁹ forms an alternating copolymer suchas shown in Structure I.

[0092] As mentioned above, monomers having the formula CH₂═CR¹⁰—C(O)—R⁹are generally acceptor monomers, and when such monomers arecopolymerized with donor monomers, a substantially alternating copolymerresults. Through selection of monomers with appropriate reactivityratios, a perfectly alternating copolymer may be prepared via freeradical polymerization. In a perfectly alternating copolymer, all of themonomers having the formula CH₂═CR¹⁰—C(O)—R⁹ will be isolated along thepolymer chain as shown in formula I.

[0093] When controlled free radical polymerization processes are used,more precise control of the copolymer composition may be achievedresulting in substantially all of the monomers having the formulaCH₂═CR¹⁰—C(O)—R⁹ being isolated along the polymer chain as shown informula I. As such, the copolymer may contain higher amounts up to 50mol % of monomers having the formula CH₂═CR¹⁰—C(O)—R⁹, where all of suchmonomers are isolated along the polymer chain.

[0094] The monomer having the formula CH₂═CR¹⁰—C(O)—R⁹ is present in themonomer composition at a level of at least 10 mol %, in some cases atleast 15 mol %, in other cases at least 20 mol % and in some situationsat least 25 mol % of the monomer composition. Additionally, monomerhaving the formula CH₂═CH—C(O)—R^(3′) may be present at up to 50 mol %,in some cases up to 45 mol %, in other cases up to 40 mol %, in somesituations up to 35 mol %, in other situations up to 30 mol % and inparticular cases up to 25 mol % of the monomer composition. The monomerhaving the formula CH₂═CR¹⁰—C(O)—R⁹ may be present in the monomercomposition at a level ranging between any of those recited above.

[0095] In an embodiment of the present invention, the postpolymerization reactions may be carried out using, as non-limitingexamples, the hydroxy functional compounds of structures XX-XXIX and/orthe amine functional compounds selected from structures XXX and XXXI. Inthis embodiment, at least a portion of the groups R⁹ in structuralformula I are converted to groups R¹⁴ in structural formula II asdefined above, non-limiting examples of which are described bystructures II-XIV.

[0096] In the present invention, the monomer having the formulaCH₂═CR¹⁰—C(O)—R⁹ results in a polymer backbone monomer residue ofstructure XXXII

[0097] where R⁹ is as defined above. A particular feature of the presentcopolymer is that residues having structure XXXII in the polymerbackbone do not have adjacent or nearest neighbor monomer residues alongthe polymer backbone also having structure XXXII. Thus, the carbonylcontaining moiety of structure XXXII is isolated along the polymerbackbone. This isolation of the copolymer moieties that participate inthe post polymerization reactions prevents the cyclization that oftenoccurs in copolymers where moieties of structure XXXII are adjacent ornearest neighbors. No loss of functionality in the copolymer orunpredictable and/or undesirable changes in physical properties such asglass transition temperature, solubility or compatibility with othermaterials due to cyclization occurs.

[0098] As was mentioned above, the unit —CH₂—CR¹⁰(C(O)—R⁹) in structureI or the unit —CH₂—CR¹⁰(C(O)—R¹⁴) in structure II may be obtained byhydrolyzing a nitrile containing moiety —CH₂—CR¹⁰(CN)—. A common problemin such hydrolysis reactions is the formation of cyclic acid imides whenthe nitrile containing moieties are nearest neighbors (see for example,U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,286 to Krakkay et al., col. 5, lines 1-42, which isherein incorporated by reference). In the present invention, theoccurrence of nearest neighbor nitrile containing moieties is minimizedas is the occurrence of the undesirable cyclic acid imides.

[0099] While not wishing to be bound to any single theory, it isbelieved that the steric effects of the nearest neighbor monomerresidues (not being like structure XXXII in nature) prevent thecyclization reaction from occurring.

[0100] In a particular embodiment of the present method, the hydroxyfunctional compounds that are reacted with the copolymer are hydroxyfunctional compounds that include amine functionality and the postpolymerization reaction is carried out such that after thetransesterification reaction the copolymer contains amine functionality.In a non-limiting example of this embodiment, the amine functionality isa primary amine.

[0101] In this particular embodiment, the esterification is carried outin the presence of an alkoxide. As used herein and in the claims, theterm alkoxide refers to alkali metal salts of alkyl oxides, non-limitingexamples of which include sodium methoxide and sodium butoxide.

[0102] In an embodiment of the present invention, the amine functionalester may be rearranged to the corresponding hydroxy functional amide byheating the amine functional ester. Typically, the amine functionalester is heated to a temperature of at least 140° C. in order for therearrangement to take place.

[0103] In a non-limiting example, when the post polymerization reactionresults in a copolymer with amine functionality, the resulting aminefunctional copolymer may be further reacted, for example, with phosgene,such that at least a portion of the amine functionality is converted toan isocyanate.

[0104] In a further non-limiting example, the amine functional copolymermay be reacted with an alkylene carbonate to form the correspondingalkylene hydroxy carbamate. Any suitable alkylene carbonate may be used.Suitable alkylene carbonates include, but are not limited to ethylenecarbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate and those availablecommercially under the JEFFSOL tradename from Huntsman, Austin, Tex.

[0105] In an embodiment of the present polymerization method, one ormore monomers having the formula CH₂═CR¹⁰—C(O)—R⁹ and one or moremonomers having the formula CR¹R²═CR¹R² are polymerized. In thisembodiment the monomers having the formula CR¹R²═CR¹R² have a reactivityratio r₁ that is less than 1 and the monomers having the formulaCH₂═CR¹⁰—C(O)—R⁹ have a reactivity ratio r₂ of at least 10. Whenmonomers of this type are copolymerized, the polymerization initiatorand monomer having the formula CH₂═CR¹⁰—C(O)—R⁹ are separately andsimultaneously added to the olefin monomer having the formulaCR¹R²═CR¹R² over a period of time. The monomer and initiator may beadded to the olefin monomer over a period of at least 15 minutes, insome cases at least 20 minutes, typically at least 30 minutes, and, insome cases, at least 1 hour. The monomer composition and initiator mayfurther be added to the olefin monomer over a period of up to 24 hours,in some cases up to 18 hours, typically up to 12 hours, and, in somecases, up to 8 hours. The time for adding the monomer must be sufficientto maintain a suitable excess of olefin monomer over other monomers toencourage the formation of alternating segments. The addition time isnot so long as to render the process economically unfeasible on acommercial scale. The addition time may vary in any range of valuesinclusive of those stated above.

[0106] In another embodiment of the present polymerization method, themonomers having the formula CR¹R²═CR¹R² have a reactivity ratio r₁ ofzero and the monomers having the formula CH₂═CR¹⁰—C(O)—R⁹ have areactivity ratio r₂ of zero. When monomers of this type arecopolymerized, the polymerization initiator, the monomer having theformula CH₂═CR¹⁰—C(O)—R⁹ and the monomer having the formula CR¹R²═CR¹R²are simultaneously added and polymerized together to form an alternatingcopolymer.

[0107] After mixing or during addition and mixing, polymerization of themonomers takes place. The present polymerization method can be run atany suitable temperature. Suitable temperature for the present methodmay be ambient, at least 50° C., in many cases at least 60° C.,typically at least 75° C., and, in some cases, at least 100° C. Suitabletemperature for the present method may further be described as being upto 300° C., in many cases up to 275° C., typically up to 250° C., and,in some cases, up to 225° C. The temperature is typically high enough toencourage good reactivity from the monomers and initiators employed.However, the volatility of the monomers and corresponding partialpressures create a practical upper limit on temperature determined bythe pressure rating of the reaction vessel. The polymerizationtemperature may vary in any range of values inclusive of those statedabove.

[0108] The present polymerization method can be run at any suitablepressure. A suitable pressure for the present method may be ambient, atleast 1 psi, in many cases at least 5 psi, typically at least 15 psi,and, in some cases, at least 20 psi. Suitable pressures for the presentmethod may further be described as being up to 200 psi, in many cases upto 175 psi, typically up to 150 psi, and, in some cases, up to 125 psi.The pressure is typically high enough to maintain the monomers andinitiators in a liquid phase. The pressures employed have a practicalupper limit based on the pressure rating of the reaction vesselemployed. The pressure during polymerization temperature may vary in anyrange of values inclusive of those stated above.

[0109] In an additional embodiment of the present invention, after thepolymerization is complete, any unreacted monomers are substantiallyremoved from the resulting copolymer composition by evaporation.Typically, the unreacted monomers are removed by the application of avacuum.

[0110] In an embodiment of the present invention, the compositionincludes the non-gelled copolymer described above and co-reactivefunctional groups. In a particular embodiment of the present invention,the composition is a thermosetting composition.

[0111] In a more particular embodiment, the composition includes thecopolymer and at least one other component. In this embodiment, thecopolymer contains reactive functional groups and the at least one othercomponent contains functional groups that are reactive with thefunctional groups of the copolymer. Any suitable reactive functionalgroups may be included in the present invention.

[0112] Suitable reactive functional groups for the copolymer include,but are not limited to epoxy, carboxylic acid, hydroxy, amide,oxazoline, aceto acetate, methylol, methylol ether, isocyanate,carbamate, amine, amine salt, polysulfide, thiol, and sulfonium salt.The copolymer may further include one or more suitable salt groups.Suitable salt groups include, but are not limited to an amine salt or anonium salt group.

[0113] Suitable reactive functional groups for the at least one othercomponent include, but are not limited to epoxy, oxirane, carboxylicacid, hydroxy, polyol, thiol, isocyanate, capped isocyanate, amine,aminoplast, methylol, methylol ether, and beta-hydroxyalkylamide.

[0114] The suitable reactive functional groups of the copolymer may bepresent to provide a functional group equivalent weight of the copolymerof from at least 100, in some cases at least 200, in other cases atleast 500, in some situation at least 750 and in other situations atleast 1,000 grams/equivalent. Additionally, the suitable reactivefunctional groups of the copolymer may be present to provide afunctional group equivalent weight of the copolymer of from up to10,000, in some cases up to 5,000, in other cases up to 4,000, in somesituation up to 3,000 and in other situations up to 2,500grams/equivalent. The equivalent weight of the functional groups of thecopolymer may vary between any of the values recited above.

[0115] In an embodiment of the present thermosetting composition, thecoreactive functional groups are in the copolymer. Any suitablecoreactive functional groups may be included in the present copolymer.Suitable coreactive functional groups include, but are not limited tomethylol, methylol ether, polysulfide and a group described by structureXXXIII.

[0116] In structure XXXIII, Z is selected from —O— and —NR⁶—, R⁶ isindependently selected from hydrogen and C₁ to C₄ alkyl and alkylol, andR⁸ is a linking group selected from linear, cyclic or branched C₂ to C₂₀alkylene, alkenylene, arylene, alkarylene, aralkylene and oxyalkalene.Additionally, suitable coreactive functional groups for the presentcopolymer may include the situation when the co-reactive functionalgroups are selected from the group consisting of epoxy, carboxylic acid,hydroxy, amide, oxazoline, aceto acetate, isocyanate, capped isocyanate,carbamate, thiol, sulfide, and beta-hydroxyalkylamide.

[0117] In order to achieve a suitable level of cure with thethermosetting composition of the present invention, the equivalent ratioof suitable reactive functional groups in the copolymer to suitablereactive functional groups in the at least one other component istypically from 0.7:1 to 2:1, e.g., from 0.8:1 to 1.3:1.

[0118] The thermosetting composition of the present invention may alsoinclude pigments and fillers. Examples of pigments include, but are notlimited to, inorganic pigments, e.g., titanium dioxide and iron oxides;organic pigments, e.g., phthalocyanines, anthraquinones, quinacridonesand thioindigos; carbon blacks and metallic pigments. Additionalnon-limiting examples of suitable pigments can be found in U.S. Pat.Nos. 4,220,679, 4,403,003, 4,147,679 and 5,071,904. Examples of fillersinclude, but are not limited to, silica, e.g., precipitated silicas,clay, and barium sulfate. When used in the composition of the presentinvention, pigments and fillers are typically present in amounts of from0.1 percent to 70 percent by weight, based on the total weight of thethermosetting composition.

[0119] The thermosetting composition of the present invention mayoptionally contain additives that are well known in the art offormulating surface coatings. Non-limiting examples of such additivesinclude waxes for flow and wetting, flow control agents, e.g.,poly(2-ethylhexyl)acrylate, degassing additives such as benzoin,adjuvant resin to modify and optimize coating properties, antioxidantsand ultraviolet (UV) light absorbers. Examples of useful antioxidantsand UV light absorbers include those available commercially fromCiba-Geigy under the trademarks IRGANOX and TINUVIN, surfactants,thixotropic agents, organic co-solvents, catalysts, and other customaryauxiliaries. Non-limiting examples of these optional materials andsuitable amounts are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,220,679, 4,403,003,4,147,769 and 5,071,904. Typically, the optional additives, when used,are present in amounts up to 20 percent by weight, based on the totalweight of the thermosetting composition.

[0120] In the thermosetting composition of the present invention, thecopolymer is a non-gelled polymer having reactive functional groups andmay include at least one other component (a crosslinking agent or curingagent as non-limiting examples) that contain reactive functional groupsthat are reactive with the functional groups in the copolymer. Thenon-gelled copolymer is typically present in the coating composition inamounts of 1 to 99, in some cases 5 to 75, in other cases 10 to 65, insome situations 50 to 85 and in other situations 50 to 70 percent byweight based on the total weight of resin solids. When the at least oneother component is present, it is typically present in the coatingcomposition in amounts of about 15 to 50, often about 30 to 50 percentby weight based on the total weight of resin solids.

[0121] The thermosetting composition may include other optionalingredients, such as plasticizers, antioxidants, UV light absorbers andstabilizers may be formulated into the coating composition in a knownmanner. When used, these ingredients are present (on an individualbasis) in amounts up to 10 percent, often from 0.1 to 5 percent byweight based on total weight of resin solids of the composition. As anon-limiting example, the other ingredients in the coating compositionof the present invention include those of the waterborne film-formingcomposition disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,098,947, incorporated herein byreference for its teachings of other ingredients at column 7, line 17through column 8, line 45.

[0122] When the thermosetting composition of the present invention is aparticulate mixture or powder coating composition, it is typicallyprepared by first dry blending the functional copolymer, and any othercomponents including those with and without functional groups, andadditives, such as flow control agents, degassing agents, antioxidantsand UV absorbing agents, in a blender, e.g., a Henshel blade blender.The blender is operated for a period of time sufficient to result in ahomogenous dry blend of the materials charged thereto. The homogenousdry blend is then melt blended in an extruder, e.g., a twin screwco-rotating extruder, operated within a temperature range of 80° C. to140° C., e.g., from 100° C. to 125° C. The extrudate of thethermosetting composition of the present invention is cooled and, whenused as a powder coating composition, is typically milled to an averageparticle size of from, for example, 15 to 30 microns.

[0123] When the thermosetting composition of the present invention is aliquid mixture, it is typically prepared by mixing the presentcomposition containing the copolymer and other ingredients into asuitable solvent as is known in the art. Non-limiting suitable solventsinclude one or more volatile materials such as water, organic solventsand/or amines. The solids content of the liquid thermosettingcomposition will generally ranges from about 15 to about 60 weightpercent, typically about 20 to about 50 weight percent. Also, otheradditional components usually found in liquid thermosetting compositionsmay be present in amounts usually used by those skilled in the art. Thesolids content is typically determined by heating a sample of the liquidthermosetting composition to 105°-110° C. for 1-2 hours to drive off thevolatile material and measuring weight loss.

[0124] The thermosetting compositions described above may be used tocoat substrates, hence, the present invention is further directed to asubstrate, wherein at least a portion of the substrate is coated withthe present thermosetting composition.

[0125] When the present thermosetting compositions are used to coatsubstrates, they may be in liquid or powder form and are typicallyapplied using the following general method:

[0126] (A) applying the thermosetting coating composition describedabove over at least a portion of the substrate;

[0127] (B) coalescing the thermosetting coating composition to form asubstantially continuous film on the substrate; and

[0128] (C) curing the thermosetting coating composition.

[0129] The present invention is still further directed to a substratecoated by the above-described method.

[0130] The thermosetting coating composition can be applied as a freefilm. As used herein and in the claims, the term “free film” refers to afilm unattached to any substrate, which film may be a single paint layeror a composite of paint layers. The free paint film is typically up toabout 20 mils thick. The film may be of uniform thickness, for exampleto coat an entire article or surface thereof, or may be tapered tootherwise contoured, for example having tapered edges to blend into apre-existing coating for spot repair. Free films are disclosed forexample in U.S. Pat. No. 6,423,778 to McGee et al. and U.S. Pat. No.5,389,178 to Harvey.

[0131] During application of the thermosetting coating composition tothe substrate, the film thickness of the coating formed on the substratecan range from 0.1 to 5 mils (2.54 to 127 micrometers). In anotherembodiment, the film thickness of the coating formed on the substratecan range 0.1 to 1 mils (2.54 to 25.4 micrometers), and can be 0.4 to0.6 mils (10.2 to 15.2 micrometers). The coated substrate can be heatedto a temperature and for a time sufficient to effect cure of thethermosetting composition applied thereto.

[0132] In an additional embodiment, the coating may be applied to asuitable substrate by extrusion coating, coextrusion coating and/orlaminating technology as is known in the art. As a non-limiting example,extrusion or laminating coatings may be applied using the LA-FM or LA-FPExtrusion System Lamination Machine available from FKI Extrusion, Taiwanand the Extrusion, Coating and Laminating lines available from BlackClawson Converting Machinery LLC, Fulton, N.Y.

[0133] The powder coating thermosetting composition of the presentinvention may be applied to the substrate by any appropriate means thatare known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Generally, thethermosetting composition is in the form of a dry powder and is appliedby spray application. Alternatively, the powder can be slurried in aliquid medium such as water, and spray applied. Where the language“co-reactable solid, particulate mixture” is used in the specificationand claims, the thermosetting composition can be in dry powder form orin the form of a slurry.

[0134] When the substrate is electrically conductive, the thermosettingcomposition is typically electrostatically applied. Electrostatic sprayapplication generally involves drawing the thermosetting compositionfrom a fluidized bed and propelling it through a corona field. Theparticles of the thermosetting composition become charged as they passthrough the corona field and are attracted to and deposited upon theelectrically conductive substrate, which is grounded. As the chargedparticles begin to build up, the substrate becomes insulated, thuslimiting further particle deposition. This insulating phenomenontypically limits the film build of the deposited composition to amaximum of 3 to 6 mils (75 to 150 microns).

[0135] Alternatively, when the substrate is not electrically conductive,for example as is the case with many plastic substrates, the substrateis typically preheated prior to application of the thermosettingcomposition. The preheated temperature of the substrate is equal to orgreater than that of the melting point of the thermosetting composition,but less than its cure temperature. With spray application overpreheated substrates, film builds of the thermosetting composition inexcess of 6 mils (150 microns) can be achieved, e.g., 10 to 20 mils (254to 508 microns). Substrates that may be coated by the method of thepresent invention include, for example, ferrous substrates, aluminumsubstrates, plastic substrates, e.g., sheet molding compound basedplastics, and wood.

[0136] After application to the substrate, the thermosetting compositionis then coalesced to form a substantially continuous film. Coalescing ofthe applied composition is generally achieved through the application ofheat at a temperature equal to or greater than that of the melting pointof the composition, but less than its cure temperature. In the case ofpreheated substrates, the application and coalescing steps can beachieved in essentially one step.

[0137] The coalesced thermosetting composition is next cured by theapplication of heat. As used herein and in the claims, by “cured” ismeant a three dimensional crosslink network formed by covalent bondformation, e.g., between the reactive functional groups of acrosslinking agent and the reactive functional groups of the copolymer.The temperature at which the thermosetting composition of the presentinvention is cured is variable and depends in part on the amount of timeduring which curing is conducted. Typically, the thermosettingcomposition is cured at a temperature within the range of 149° C. to204° C., e.g., from 154° C. to 177° C., for a period of 20 to 60minutes.

[0138] The liquid coating thermosetting composition of the presentinvention may be applied to various substrates to which it adheres. Thecompositions can be applied by conventional means including brushing,dipping, flow coating, spraying and the like, but it is most oftenapplied by spraying. The usual spray techniques and equipment for airspraying and electrostatic spraying by either manual or automaticmethods can be used.

[0139] After application of the liquid coating thermosetting compositionto the substrate, a film is formed on the surface of the substrate bydriving solvent, i.e., organic solvent or water, out of the coating filmby heating or by an air-drying period. Preferably, heating will only befor a short period of time, sufficient to ensure that any subsequentcoating layers can be applied to the liquid thermosetting compositioncoating without the former dissolving the liquid coating composition.Suitable drying conditions will depend on the composition of the liquidthermosetting coating and on the ambient humidity with certainwater-based compositions, but, in general, a drying time of from 1 to 5minutes at a temperature of 20° C. to 120° C. will be adequate to ensurethat mixing of the two coats is minimized.

[0140] The coating thermosetting compositions of the present inventioncan be applied over virtually any substrate including wood, metals,glass, cloth plastic, foam, including elastomeric substrates and thelike. They are particularly useful in applications over metals andelastomeric substrates that are found, as a non-limiting example, onmotor vehicles.

[0141] The present thermosetting coating compositions may be part of amulti-component composite coating composition that includes:

[0142] (a) a base coat deposited from a pigmented film-formingcomposition; and

[0143] (b) a transparent top coat applied over said base coat.

[0144] Either or both of the base coat and the top coat may be athermosetting coating composition of the present invention as describedabove. The multi-component composite coating composition as describedherein is commonly referred to as a color-plus-clear coatingcomposition.

[0145] When the pigmented film-forming composition from which the basecoat is deposited is not the present thermosetting coating composition,it may be any of the compositions useful in coatings applications,particularly automotive applications in which color-plus-clear coatingcompositions are extensively used. Pigmented film-forming compositionsconventionally comprise a resinous binder and a pigment to act as acolorant. Particularly useful resinous binders are acrylic polymers,polyesters including alkyds, and polyurethanes.

[0146] The resinous binders for the pigmented film-forming base coatcomposition can be organic solvent-based materials such as thosedescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,220,679, note column 2 line 24 throughcolumn 4, line 40. Also, water-based coating compositions such as thosedescribed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,403,003, 4,147,679 and 5,071,904 can beused as the binder in the pigmented film-forming composition.

[0147] The pigmented film-forming base coat composition can be appliedto the substrate by any of the conventional coating techniques such asbrushing, spraying, dipping or flowing, but are most often applied byspraying. The usual spray techniques and equipment for air spraying,airless spray and electrostatic spraying employing either manual orautomatic methods can be used. The pigmented film-forming composition isapplied in an amount sufficient to provide a base coat having a filmthickness typically of 0.1 to 5 mils (2.5 to 125 microns) and preferably0.1 to 2 mils (2.5 to 50 microns).

[0148] After forming the basecoat layer on at least a portion of thesubstrate from the pigmented film-forming base coat composition, andprior to application of the transparent top coat, the base coat can becured or alternatively dried. In drying the deposited base coat, organicsolvent and/or water, is driven out of the base coat film by heating orthe passage of air over its surface. Suitable drying conditions willdepend on the particular base coat composition used and on the ambienthumidity in the case of certain water-based compositions. In general,drying of the deposited base coat is performed over a period of from 1to 15 minutes and at a temperature of 20° C. to 120° C.

[0149] The substantially pigment-free (or clear) topcoat composition canbe applied over the deposited base coat by any of the methods by whichpowder and liquid coatings are known to be applied, including, but notlimited to, compressed air spraying, electrostatic spraying, and eithermanual or automatic methods. The clear topcoat can be applied to a curedor to a dried basecoat before the basecoat has been cured. In the latterinstance, the two coatings can then be heated to cure both coatinglayers simultaneously. Typical curing conditions can range from 10° C.to 246° C. for 1 to 30 minutes. The clear topcoat thickness (dry filmthickness) can range from 1 to 6 mils (25 to 150 micrometers).

[0150] When the transparent top coat is applied over a deposited basecoat that has been dried, the two coatings can be co-cured to form themulti-component composite coating composition of the present invention.Both the base coat and top coat are heated together to conjointly curethe two layers. Typically, curing conditions of 149° C. to 204° C. for aperiod of 20 to 30 minutes are employed. The transparent top coattypically has a thickness within the range of 0.5 to 6 mils (13 to 150microns), e.g., from 1 to 3 mils (25 to 75 microns).

[0151] A second substantially pigment free topcoat coating compositioncan be applied to the first topcoat to form a “clear-on-clear” topcoat.The first topcoat coating composition can be applied over the basecoatas described above. The second topcoat coating composition which may bethe same or different from the first topcoat composition can be appliedto a cured or to a dried first topcoat before the basecoat and firsttopcoat have been cured. The basecoat, the first topcoat and the secondtopcoat can then be heated to cure the three coatings simultaneously.

[0152] In an embodiment of the present invention, the multi-layercomposite coating includes a base coat layer deposited from the presentthermosetting composition, where the thermosetting composition is apigmented film-forming base coat composition; and a substantiallypigment free top coat deposited over at least a portion of the base coatlayer from a top coat composition.

[0153] In another embodiment of the present invention, the multi-layercomposite coating includes a base coat layer deposited from a pigmentedfilm-forming base coat composition; and a top coat layer deposited fromthe present thermosetting composition over at least a portion of thebase coat layer, where the present thermosetting composition is asubstantially pigment free film-forming top coat composition.

[0154] In an additional embodiment of the present invention, themulti-layer composite coating includes a base coat layer deposited fromthe present thermosetting composition, where the present thermosettingcomposition is a pigmented film-forming base coat composition and a topcoat layer deposited from the present thermosetting composition over atleast a portion of the base coat layer, where the present thermosettingcomposition is a substantially pigment free film-forming top coatcomposition.

[0155] The present invention is more particularly described in thefollowing examples, which are intended to be illustrative only, sincenumerous modifications and variations therein will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art. Unless otherwise specified, all parts andpercentages are by weight.

EXAMPLE 1

[0156] This example demonstrates the synthesis of an alternatingcopolymer of isobutylene and methyl acrylate. The copolymer was preparedusing the ingredients outlined in the table below. Ingredients Parts byweight (grams) Charge 1 Isobutylene 1262.30 Charge 2 Di-t-amyl Peroxide82.90 Charge 3 Methyl Acrylate 645.60

[0157] Charge 1 was added to a 4-liter stainless steel pressure reactorequipped with an agitator. The reactor was pressurized with nitrogenproviding a 5 psi nitrogen pad in the reactor. The agitation on thereactor was set at 500 rpm and the reactor temperature was adjusted to150° C. Charge 2 was added to the reactor at am addition rate of 33.2g/hr over a 2.5-hour period. 15 minutes later, addition of Charge 3 wasbegun at an addition rate 430.5 g/hr over a 2-hour period. During themonomer addition the temperature was maintained at 150° C. at 500 psi.After the addition of charges 2 and 3 were complete, the reactionmixture was held for 2-hours. The reactor was then cooled to 25° C., andvented. Gas Chromatography (GC) analysis of the reaction mixture showedno unreacted acrylates. The reaction mixture was transferred to a5-liter flask, and was vacuum-stripped at 130° C. The total solids ofthe recovered polymer was determined to be 94.25 wt. % at 110° C. forone hour. The copolymer had a number average molecular weight (M_(n)) of1,100 and a polydispersity (PDI or M_(w)/M_(n)) of 2.4 as determined bygel permeation chromatography using polystyrene standards. A ¹³C NMRspectrum was consistent with a copolymer composition of 50 mole percentisobutylene and 50 mole percent methyl acrylate. The copolymer had aglass transition temperature (Tg) of −20° C.

EXAMPLE 2

[0158] This example demonstrates the synthesis of an alternatingcopolymer of isobutylene and methyl acrylate/butyl acrylate. Thecopolymer was prepared using the ingredients outlined in the tablebelow. Ingredients Parts by weight (grams) Charge 1 Isobutylene 561.00Charge 2 Di-t-amyl Peroxide 110.50 Charge 3 Methyl Acrylate 774.90 ButylAcrylate 128.20

[0159] Charge 1 was added to a 4-liter stainless steel pressure reactorequipped with an agitator. The reactor was pressurized with nitrogenproviding a 5 psi nitrogen pad in the reactor. The agitation on thereactor was set at 500 rpm and the reactor temperature was adjusted to150° C. Charge 2 was added to the reactor at am addition rate of 44.5g/hr over a 2.5-hour period. 15 minutes later, addition of Charge 3 wasbegun at an addition rate 451.6 g/hr over a 2-hour period. During themonomer addition the temperature was maintained at 150° C. at 500 psi.After the addition of charges 2 and 3 were complete, the reactionmixture was held for 2-hours. The reactor was then cooled to 25° C., andvented. Gas Chromatography (GC) analysis of the reaction mixture showedno unreacted acrylates. The reaction mixture was transferred to a5-liter flask, and was vacuum-stripped at 130° C. The total solids ofthe recovered polymer was determined to be 94.78 wt. % at 110° C. forone hour. The copolymer had a M_(n) of 1,500 and a PDI of 2.6 asdetermined by gel permeation chromatography using polystyrene standards.A ¹³C NMR spectrum was consistent with a copolymer composition of 50mole percent isobutylene, 10 mole percent butyl acrylate and 40 molepercent methyl acrylate.

EXAMPLE 3

[0160] This example demonstrates a transesterification reaction of thealternating copolymer isobutylene-alt-methyl acrylate of example 1 with1,2-propanediol and benzyl alcohol.

[0161] The following were added to a one-liter, four-necked reactionvessel equipped with a thermometer, stirrer, nitrogen inlet, and meansfor removing the methanol reaction by-product:

[0162] 142 g of the copolymer of example 1; and

[0163] 30.4 g of 1,2-propanediol.

[0164] The reaction mixture was heated to 100° C. and then 2 g of sodiummethoxide (30 wt. % solution in methanol) was added. The reactionmixture was held at 100° C. for 7 hours, during which time 16 grams ofmethanol was produced during the transesterification step and wasremoved and collected in a receiving flask. The resulting product wasanalyzed by GC, which indicated that the reaction was complete.Subsequently, 43.2 g of benzyl alcohol was added and the reactionmixture was held at 100° C. for 3 hours, during which time 14 grams ofmethanol was collected. The catalyst was removed by filtration through amagnesol cake. The resin had a M_(n) of 2,100 and PDI of 2.7 asdetermined by gel permeation chromatography using polystyrene standards.A ¹³C NMR spectrum was consistent with a copolymer composition of 50mole percent isobutylene, 10 mole percent methyl acrylate, 20 molepercent hydroxypropyl acrylate, and 20 mole percent benzyl acrylate. Thecombination of ¹³C NMR and GPC data did not indicate any substantialsign of branching or cyclization as a result of the reaction of thecopolymer with 1,2-propanediol. The Tg of the copolymer was 4° C.

EXAMPLE 4

[0165] This example demonstrates the preparation of a coatingcomposition using the copolymer of example 3. The coating compositionwas prepared by combining 70 g of the transesterified copolymer ofexample 3 with 30 g of melamine, Cymel 303 available from CytecIndustries, Inc., West Patterson, N.J., and 1 g of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid as catalyst. The mixture was drawn down 3 mil thick over asteel panel primed with an electrocoat primer. The drawn down coatinglayer was baked for 30 minutes at 120° C. The resulting cured film washard and passed a solvent resistance test consisting of 100 double rubswith acetone.

EXAMPLE 5

[0166] This example demonstrates a transesterification reaction of thealternating copolymer isobutylene-alt-methyl acrylate of example 1 with1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol.

[0167] The following were added to a one-liter, four-necked reactionvessel equipped with a thermometer, stirrer, nitrogen inlet, and meansfor removing the methanol reaction by-product:

[0168] 142 g of the copolymer of example 1; and

[0169] 43.2 g of 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol.

[0170] The reaction mixture was heated to 90° C. and 4 g of sodiummethoxide (30 wt. % solution in methanol) was added. The reactionmixture was held at 90° C. for 4 hours during which time 8 grams ofmethanol was collected in a receiving flask. The sample was analyzed byGC and indicated that the reaction was complete. The catalyst wasremoved by filtration through a magnesol cake. The resulting product hada M_(n) of 2,620 and PDI of 4 as determined by gel permeationchromatography using polystyrene standards. A ¹³C NMR spectrum wasconsistent with a copolymer composition of 50 mole percent isobutylene,20 mole percent methyl acrylate and 30 mole percent1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol monoacrylate. The combination of ¹³C NMR andGPC data did not indicate any substantial sign of branching orcyclization as a result of the reaction of the copolymer with1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol.

EXAMPLE 6

[0171] This example demonstrates the preparation of a coatingcomposition using the copolymer of example 5.

[0172] A coating composition was prepared by combining 70 g of thetransesterified copolymer of example 5 with 30 g of melamine Cymel 303and 1 g of dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid as catalyst. The mixture wasdrawn down to 3 mil thickness over a steel panel primed with anelectrocoat primer. The drawn down coating layer was baked for 30minutes at 120° C. The resulting cured film was hard and passed asolvent resistance test of 100 double rubs with acetone.

EXAMPLE 7

[0173] This example demonstrates a transesterification reaction of thealternating copolymer isobutylene-alt-methyl acrylate of example 1 with1,4-butanediol.

[0174] The following were added to a one-liter, four-necked reactionvessel equipped with a thermometer, stirrer, nitrogen inlet, and meansfor removing the methanol reaction by-product:

[0175] 142 g of the copolymer of example 1; and

[0176] 27 grams of 1,4-butanediol.

[0177] The reaction mixture was heated at 90° C. and 3 g of sodiummethoxide (30 wt. % solution in methanol) was added. The reactionmixture was held at 90° C. for 4 hours during which time 9 g of methanolwas collected in a receiving flask. The sample was analyzed by GC andindicated that the reaction was complete. The resulting product had aM_(n) of 2,060 and a PDI of 3.7 determined by gel permeationchromatography using polystyrene standards. The ¹³CNMR spectrum wasconsistent with a copolymer composition of 50 mole percent isobutylene,20 mole percent methyl acrylate, and 30 mole percent 4-hydroxybutylacrylate. The combination of ¹³C NMR and GPC data did not indicate anysubstantial sign of branching or cyclization as a result of the reactionof the copolymer with 1,4-butanediol.

EXAMPLE 8

[0178] This example demonstrates the preparation of a coatingcomposition using the copolymer of example 7.

[0179] A coating composition was prepared by combining 70 g of thetransesterified copolymer of example 7 with 30 g of melamine Cymel 202and 1 g of dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid as catalyst. The mixture wasdrawn down 3 mil thick over a steel panel primed with an electrocoatprimer. The drawn down coating layer was baked for 30 minutes at 140° C.The resulting cured film was hard and passed a solvent resistance testof 100 double rubs with acetone.

EXAMPLE 9

[0180] This example demonstrates a transesterification reaction of thealternating copolymer isobutylene-alt-methyl acrylate/butyl acrylate ofexample 2 with 1,4-butanediol.

[0181] The following were added to a one-liter, four-necked reactionvessel equipped with a thermometer, stirrer, nitrogen inlet, and meansfor removing the methanol reaction by-product:

[0182] 145 g of the copolymer of example 2; and

[0183] 27 grams of 1,4-butanediol.

[0184] The reaction mixture was heated at 90° C. and 3 g of sodiummethoxide (30 wt. % solution in methanol) was added. The reactionmixture was held at 90° C. for 4 hours during which time 9 g of methanolwas collected in a receiving flask. The sample was analyzed by GC andindicated that the reaction was complete. The catalyst was removed byfiltration through a magnesol cake. The resulting product had a M_(n) of2,500 and a PDI of 2.9 determined by gel permeation chromatography usingpolystyrene standards. The ¹³C NMR spectrum was consistent with acopolymer composition of 50 mole percent isobutylene, 10 mole percentmethyl acrylate, 10 mole percent butyl acrylate and 30 mole percent4-hydroxybutyl acrylate. The combination of ¹³C NMR and GPC data did notindicate any substantial sign of branching or cyclization as a result ofthe reaction of the copolymer with 1,4-butanediol.

EXAMPLE 10

[0185] This example demonstrates the preparation of a coatingcomposition using the copolymer of example 9.

[0186] A coating composition was prepared by combining 70 g of thetransesterified copolymer of example 9 with 30 g of melamine Cymel 202and 1 g of dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid as catalyst. The mixture wasdrawn down 3 mil thick over a steel panel primed with an electrocoatprimer. The drawn down coating layer was baked for 30 minutes at 140° C.The resulting cured film was hard and passed solvent resistance tests of100 double rubs with acetone.

EXAMPLE 11

[0187] This example demonstrates a transesterification reaction of thealternating copolymer isobutylene-alt-methyl acrylate/butyl acrylate ofexample 2 with Hydroxyethyl carbamate.

[0188] The following were added to a one-liter, four-necked reactionvessel equipped with a thermometer, stirrer, nitrogen inlet, and meansfor removing the methanol reaction by-product:

[0189] 142 g of the copolymer of example 1; and

[0190] 73.5 grams of hydroxyethyl carbamate (available from HuntsmanCorporation, Salt Lake City, Utah).

[0191] The reaction mixture was heated at 90° C. and 10 g of sodiummethoxide (30 wt. % solution in methanol) was added. The reactionmixture was held at 90° C. for 3 hours during which time 24 g ofmethanol was collected in a receiving flask. The sample was analyzed byGC to confirm that the reaction was complete. The catalyst was removedby filtration through a magnesol cake. The resulting product had a M_(n)of 1,800 and PDI of 2.1 determined by gel permeation chromatographyusing polystyrene standards. The ¹³C NMR spectrum was consistent with acopolymer composition of 50 mole percent isobutylene, 15 mole percentmethyl acrylate, and 35 mole percent carbamatethyl acrylate. Thecombination of ¹³C NMR and GPC data did not indicate any substantialsign of branching or cyclization as a result of the reaction of thecopolymer with hydroxyethyl carbamate.

EXAMPLE 12

[0192] This example demonstrates the preparation of a coatingcomposition using the copolymer of example 11.

[0193] A coating composition was prepared by combining 70 g of thetransesterified copolymer of example 11 with 30 g of melamine Cymel 303and 1 g of dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid as catalyst. The mixture wasdrawn down 3 mil thick over steel panel primed with an electrocoatprimer. The drawn down coating layer was baked for 30 minutes at 140° C.The resulting cured film was hard and passed a solvent resistance testsof 100 double rubs with acetone.

EXAMPLE 13

[0194] This example demonstrates a transesterification reaction of thealternating copolymer isobutylene-alt-methyl acrylate/butyl acrylate ofexample 2 with 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol.

[0195] The following were added to a one-liter, four-necked reactionvessel equipped with a thermometer, stirrer, nitrogen inlet, and meansfor removing the methanol reaction by-product:

[0196] 145 g of the copolymer of example 1; and

[0197] 31.6 g of 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol.

[0198] The reaction mixture was heated to 90° C. and 10 g of sodiummethoxide (30 wt. % solution in methanol) was added. The reactionmixture was held at 90° C. for 3 hours during which time 10 g ofmethanol was collected in a receiving flask. The sample was analyzed byGC to confirm that the reaction was complete. The catalyst was removedby filtration through a magnesol cake. The resulting product had a M_(n)of 2,500 and PDI of 1.9 determined by gel permeation chromatographyusing polystyrene standards. The combination of ¹³C NMR and GPC data didnot indicate any substantial sign of branching or cyclization as aresult of the reaction of the copolymer with 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol.The resulting product had a 1.2 meq amine content.

EXAMPLE 14

[0199] This example demonstrates the preparation of a coatingcomposition using the copolymer of example 13.

[0200] A coating composition was prepared by combining 90 g of thetransesterified polyamine copolymer of example 13 with 20 g of epoxyEPON Resin 828 (polyglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A, available from ShellChemical Co., Houston, Tex.) and 40 g of Dowanol PM (Dow ChemicalCompany, Midland, Mich.) as solvent. The mixture was drawn down 3 milthick over a steel panel primed with an electrocoat primer. The drawndown coating layer was baked for 30 minutes at 120° C. The resultingcured film was hard and passed a solvent resistance test of 100 doublerubs with acetone.

EXAMPLE 15

[0201] This example demonstrates a transamidation reaction of thealternating copolymer isobutylene-alt-methyl acrylate of example 1 withethanolamine.

[0202] The following were added to a one-liter, four-necked reactionvessel equipped with a thermometer, stirrer, nitrogen inlet, and meansfor removing the methanol reaction by-product:

[0203] 142 g of the copolymer of example 1; and

[0204] 18.3 g of ethanolamine.

[0205] The reaction mixture was heated to 90° C. and 2 g of sodiummethoxide (30 wt. % solution in methanol) was added. The reactionmixture was heated to 180° C. and held at that temperature for 4 hoursduring which time 10 grams of methanol, produced during thetransamidation step, were removed and collected in a receiving flask.The resulting product was analyzed by GC, which indicated that thereaction was complete. The catalyst was removed by filtration through amagnesol cake. The resulting resin had a M_(n) of 2,070 and PDI of 4.2determined by gel permeation chromatography using polystyrene standards.The hydroxy value of the resin was 87. The combination of ¹³C NMR andGPC data did not indicate any substantial sign of branching orcyclization as a result of the reaction of the copolymer withethanolamine.

EXAMPLE 16

[0206] This example demonstrates the preparation of a coatingcomposition using the copolymer of example 15. A coating composition wasprepared by combining 70 g of the resin of example 15 with 30 g ofmelamine Cymel 202 and 1 g of dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid as catalyst.The mixture was drawn down 3 mil thick over a steel panel primed with anelectrocoat primer. The drawn down coating layer was baked for 30minutes at 140° C. The resulting cured film was hard and passed asolvent resistance test of 100 double rubs with acetone.

EXAMPLE 17

[0207] This example demonstrates a transesterification reaction of thealternating copolymer isobutylene-alt-methyl acrylate of example 1 with2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol.

[0208] The following were added to a three-liter, four-necked reactionvessel equipped with a thermometer, stirrer, nitrogen inlet, and meansfor removing the methanol reaction by-product:

[0209] 846 g of the copolymer of example 1; and

[0210] 577 g of 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol.

[0211] The reaction mixture was heated to 90° C. and 34 g of sodiummethoxide (30 wt. % solution in methanol) was added. The reactionmixture was held at 90° C. for 14 hours during which time 180 g ofmethanol was collected in a receiving flask. The sample was analyzed byGC to confirm that the reaction was complete. The catalyst was removedby filtration through a magnesol cake. The resulting product had a M_(n)of 2,500 and PDI of 1.9 determined by gel permeation chromatographyusing polystyrene standards. The combination of ¹³C NMR and GPC data didnot indicate any substantial sign of branching or cyclization as aresult of the reaction of the copolymer with 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol.The resulting product had a 3.3 meq amine content.

EXAMPLE 18

[0212] This example demonstrates the synthesis of a hydroxycarbamate-functional crosslinking resin.

[0213] A 3-liter reactor equipped with a condenser, an addition funnel,a stirrer, and a thermocouple was charged with 1,040 grams of a 72 wt. %solution of polyamine resin of example 17 in Dowanol PM. The additionfunnel was charged with 491 grams of 4-ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one. The4-ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one was added over a 1 hour period with anexotherm peak of about 70° C. The amine content in the resulting resinwas titrated as 0.4 meq.

EXAMPLE 19

[0214] This example demonstrates the synthesis of an activehydrogen-containing cationic resin prepared from the followingingredients: Ingredients Parts by weight EPON 828 614.68 BisphenolA-ethylene oxide 250.00 (1:6 molar ratio) Bisphenol A 265.42 Dowanol PM200.00 Ethyltriphenyl phosphonium iodide 0.60 Diethanolamine 58.89Diketimine¹ 90.01 Deionized Water 8.64

[0215] A reaction vessel was charged with the EPON 828, BisphenolA-ethylene oxide adduct, Bisphenol A and Dowanol PM. This mixture washeated under nitrogen blanket to 125° C. Ethyl triphenylphosphoniuniodide was then added and the reaction mixture allowed to exotherm to atemperature of about 145° C. The reaction was held at 145° C. for twohours and the epoxy equivalent weight was determined. At this point, thediketimine, and diethanolamine were added in succession and the reactionmixture maintained at 122° C. for one hour. Water was added slowly at90° C. and stirred at this temperature for one hour.

EXAMPLE 20

[0216] This example demonstrates the preparation of a coatingcomposition using the hydroxy carbamate-functional crosslinking resin ofexample 18 and the active hydrogen-containing cationic resin of example19.

[0217] A coating composition was prepared by combining 15.4 g of thecarbamate crosslinking resin of example 18 with 16.5 g of the activehydrogen-containing cationic resin of example 19, 5 g of2-buthoxyethanol as a solvent, and 0.14 g of dibutyltindioleate as acatalyst. The mixture was drawn down at 4 mils thick over a primed zincphosphated steel panel. The drawn down coating layer was baked for 60minutes at 120° C. The resulting cured film was hard and passed solventresistance tests of 100 double rubs with acetone.

EXAMPLE 21

[0218] This is an example of the synthesis of an alternating copolymerof diisobutylene and 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate/butyl acrylate. Thecopolymer was prepared using the ingredients outlined in the tablebelow. Ingredients Parts by weight (grams) Charge 1 Diisobutylene4480.00 Dowanol PM 200.00 Charge 2 t-Amylperoxy (2-ethyl 144.00hexanoate) - Luperox 575 Charge 3 4-Hydroxybutyl Acrylate 432.00 ButylAcrylate 384.00

[0219] Charge 1 was added to a reaction flask equipped with an agitator,a thermocouple, and a N₂ inlet, placed under blanket of N₂, and heatedto 103° C. Charge 2 was added to the reaction flask over a 3.5-hourperiod. After 15 minutes, addition of charge 3 was begun over a periodof 3 hours. During the monomer addition the temperature was maintainedat 103° C. After the addition of charges 2 and 3 were complete, thereaction mixture was held for 2 hours. The reaction flask was thencooled to 25° C. GC analysis of the reaction mixture indicated that allacrylates were reacted. The reaction flask was than equipped for simplevacuum distillation, the reaction mixture was heated to 80° C. to removethe unreacted diisobutylene, and the solvent. The solids of theresulting polymer was determined to be 94.22 wt. %, determined at 110°C. for one hour. The copolymer had a M_(n) of 1,710 and a PDI of 1.9determined by gel permeation chromatography using polystyrene as astandard. The ¹³C NMR spectrum was consistent with a copolymercomposition of 42.6 mole percent diisobutylene, 28.7 mole percent4-hydroxybutyll acrylate and 28.7 mole percent butyl acrylate.

EXAMPLE 22

[0220] This example demonstrates the synthesis of a transcarbamoylateddiisobutylene-alt-4-hydroxybutyl acrylate/butyl acrylate resin preparedform the following ingredients. Ingredients Parts by weight (grams)Charge 1 Resin of Example 21 532.0 Methyl carbamate 75.0 DOWANOL PM¹135.0 Butyl stannoic acid 1.15 Triphenylphosphite 1.15 Charge 22-methyl-1-propanol 182.0

[0221] Charge 1 was added to a reaction flask equipped with athermocouple, an overhead stirrer, a N₂ inlet, a short fractionatingcolumn packed with ceramic saddles, a distillation head equipped with athermocouple, a condenser, and a distillate receiver. The reactionmixture was heated to between 143° and 154° C., during which time 69 gof distillate was collected in the receiver. During the distillation,the distillation head temperature was maintained below 70° C. When nofurther distillate could be collected at 154° C., the reaction mixturewas cooled to 140° C. and the flask was equipped for vacuumdistillation. At 140° C., the pressure of the flask was graduallyreduced with removal of distillate. When a pressure of 60 mm Hg wasattained, the temperature of the reaction mixture was raised to 150° C.and held until no more distillate was recovered.

[0222] At this point the vacuum was broken, the reaction mixture wassampled, and charge 2 was added to the reaction flask. Prior to theaddition of Charge 2, the reaction product was found to have a hydroxylvalue of 21.7. The resulting polymer solution had a measured solids of72.3% (110° C., 1 hr), a Gardner-Holt bubble tube viscosity of U, and aM_(n) of 1385 and a PDI of 2.2 as determined by gel permeationchromatography using polystyrene standards. The combination of ¹³C NMRand GPC data did not indicate any substantial sign of branching orcyclization as a result of the post-polymerization reaction of thecopolymer.

EXAMPLE 23

[0223] This example demonstrates the synthesis of an aminoplast based ona carbamoylated diisobutylene resin. The resin was prepared from thefollowing ingredients. Ingredients Parts by weight (grams) Charge 1Resin of Example 22 327.9 2-methyl-1-propanol 133.2 53% n-BuOH/40% 67.5formaldehyde solution Phosphorous acid 2.52

[0224] Charge 1 was added to a reaction flask equipped with athermocouple, an overhead stirrer, a N₂ inlet, a condenser, and aDean-Stark trap primed with 2-methyl-1-propanol. The reaction mixturewas heated to reflux (102° C.), at which time H₂O began to collect inthe Dean-Stark trap. When 4 g of H₂O had been collected, an additional2.52 g of phosphorous acid was added to the reaction mixture. Thetemperature of the reaction mixture was gradually increased to 113° C.,at which time no additional H₂O was collected. The total amount of H₂Ocollected was 14 g. The resulting polymer solution had a measured solidsof 53.1% (110° C., 1 hr), a Gardner-Holt bubble tube viscosity of B, anacid value of 12, an M_(n) of 1,712 and a PDI of 3.08 as determined bygel permeation chromatography using polystyrene standards. Thecombination of ¹³C NMR and GPC data did not indicate any substantialsign of branching or cyclization as a result of the post-polymerizationreaction of the copolymer.

EXAMPLE 24

[0225] This example demonstrates the preparation of coating compositionsusing the diisobutylene carbamate aminoplast resin of example 23. Thecoating compositions was prepared using the following ingredients. Partsby wt. Composition Component (grams) Coating Resin of Example 21 20.2Composition A Dodecylbenzenesulfonic 0.21 acid (70% solution inisopropanol) Coating Resin of Example 23 20.1 Composition BDodecylbenzenesulfonic 0.16 acid (70% solution in isopropanol)

[0226] The two coating compositions were drawn down on steel panelscoated with an electrodeposition primer, allowed to flash for 10minutes, and baked in an oven for 30 minutes at 140° C. The cureresponse was, evaluated via methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) double rubs. Theresults are summarized in the following table: MEK resistanceComposition (double rubs) Comments Coating <5 Very tacky to touchComposition A Coating 100 Not tacky; scrapable with Composition Bfingernail at site of MEK rubs immediately after test

[0227] The data demonstrate that the aminoplast modified carbamate resinexhibits superior crosslinking compared to the unmodified control. Thepresent invention has been described with reference to specific detailsof particular embodiments thereof. It is not intended that such detailsbe regarded as limitations upon the scope of the invention exceptinsofar as and to the extent that they are included in the accompanyingclaims.

[0228] The present invention has been described with reference tospecific details of particular embodiments thereof. It is not intendedthat such details be regarded as limitations upon the scope of theinvention except insofar as and to the extent that they are included inthe accompanying claims.

We claim:
 1. A composition comprising a non-gelled copolymer comprisingone or more residues of a first polymerizable ethylenically unsaturatedmonomer that contains a pendant amide, ester or carboxylic acid group,wherein the nearest neighboring monomer residues of the majority of thefirst monomer residues along the copolymer molecule do not containpendant carbonyl functional groups, the amide, ester or carboxylic acidgroup of the residues of the first monomer being the post polymerizationtransesterification, transamidification or hydrolysis reaction productof a C₁-C₄ alkyl ester group in the unreacted first monomer with acompound selected from amine functional compounds and hydroxy functionalcompounds, the reacted copolymer being substantially free of cyclicalstructures resulting from the transesterification, transamidification orhydrolysis reaction.
 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein thecopolymer, prior to the post polymerization reaction, includes residueshaving the following structural units (I):

wherein each occurrence of R¹ and R² are independently groups that donot include carbonyl functional groups, R⁹ is a group —O—R³³ where R³³is C₁ to C₄ alkyl and R¹⁰ is selected from H and C₁ to C₄ alkyl.
 3. Thecomposition of claim 2, wherein the copolymer, after post polymerizationreaction, includes residues having the following structural units (II):

wherein R¹ and R² are independently groups that do not include carbonylfunctional groups, R¹⁰ is selected from H and C₁ to C₄ alkyl and eachoccurrence of R¹⁴ in the copolymer is independently one or more selectedfrom the group consisting of

wherein each occurrence of R⁴ is independently selected from hydrogenand C₁ to C₄ alkyl, R⁵ is a radical selected from the group consistingof H, linear, cyclic or branched C₁ to C₂₀ alkyl, alkenyl, aryl,alkaryl, aralkyl, alkylol, aralkylol, alkyl thiol, aralkyl thiol, alkylisocyanate, aralkyl isocyanate, blocked alkyl isocyanate, blockedalkaryl isocyanate and radicals derived from polyesters, polyamides,polyethylene glycol or polypropylene glycol, each occurrence of R⁶ isindependently selected from hydrogen and C₁ to C₄ alkyl and alkylol, R⁷is selected from the group consisting of H, methyl, linear, cyclic orbranched C₂ to C₂₀ alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, alkylol,aralkylol, alkyl thiol and aralkyl thiol, R⁸ is a linking group selectedfrom the group consisting of linear, cyclic or branched C₂ to C₂₀alkylene, alkenylene, arylene, alkarylene, aralkylene and oxyalkalene,R¹⁶ is selected from hydrogen, C₁ to C₄ alkyl, —OH, —OR⁷ and —C(O)—R⁷,R¹⁷ is a radical derived from polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycoland mixtures thereof, p and q are each independently from 0 to 6 and thesum of p+q is at least 2 and not more than 8, each occurrence of R⁹ isindependently selected from hydrogen and C₁ to C₄ alkyl, and X is ananion derived from one or more organic or inorganic acids.
 4. Thecomposition of claim 3, wherein the structural units (II) of thecopolymer comprise at least 30 mol % of the copolymer.
 5. The copolymercomposition of claim 3, wherein after the post polymerization reaction,the copolymer comprises at least 10 mol % of residues of structuralunits (I).
 6. The copolymer composition of claim 3, wherein thecopolymer further comprises one or more residues derived from otherethylenically unsaturated monomers of the general formula:

wherein R¹¹, R¹², R¹³ and R¹⁴ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of H, halides, CF₃, straight or branched alkyl of 1 to 20carbon atoms, aryl of 6 to 12 carbon atoms, unsaturated straight orbranched alkenyl or alkynyl of 2 to 10 carbon atoms, unsaturatedstraight or branched alkenyl of 2 to 6 carbon atoms substituted with ahalogen, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl and phenyl.
 7. The compositionof claim 6, wherein the other ethylenically unsaturated monomers are oneor more allylic monomers.
 8. The composition of claim 3, wherein theblocking group of the blocked isocyanate of R⁵ is one or more selectedfrom the group consisting of hydroxy functional compounds, 1H-azoles,lactams and ketoximes.
 9. The composition of claim 3, wherein R¹ and R²are independently selected from H and linear, branched and cyclic C₁-C₂₄alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, alkaryl and aralkyl.
 10. The composition of claim3, wherein R¹⁰ is H or —CH₃.
 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein thecopolymer has a number average molecular weight of from 500 to 16,000and a polydispersity index of less than
 4. 12. A composition comprisingthe reaction product of a reactant selected from hydroxy functionalcompounds and amine functional compounds with a copolymer comprisingresidues of the structure

wherein each occurrence of R¹ and R² are independently groups that donot include carbonyl functional groups, —C(O)—R⁹ is a group that iscapable of a reaction selected from transesterification,transamidification and hydrolysis with hydroxy functional compounds oramine functional compounds and R¹⁰ is selected from H and C₁ to C₄alkyl.
 13. The composition of claim 12, wherein the hydroxy functionalcompounds are selected from the group consisting of

and the amine functional compounds are selected from the groupconsisting of H—NR⁶—R⁷, and —NR⁶—R¹⁷—NR⁶R⁷, wherein each occurrence ofR⁴ is independently selected from hydrogen and C₁ to C₄ alkyl, R⁵ is aradical selected from the group consisting of linear, cyclic or branchedC₂ to C₂₀ alkenyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, alkylol, aralkylol, alkylthiol, aralkyl thiol, alkyl isocyanate, aralkyl isocyanate, blockedalkyl isocyanate, blocked alkaryl isocyanate and radicals derived frompolyesters, polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol, eachoccurrence of R⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen and C₁ to C₄alkyl and alkylol, R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of H,methyl, linear, cyclic or branched C₂ to C₂₀ alkyl, alkenyl, aryl,alkaryl, aralkyl, alkylol, aralkylol, alkyl thiol, aralkyl thiol and apolyamide radical, R⁶ is a linking group selected from the groupconsisting of linear, cyclic or branched C₂ to C₂₀ alkylene, alkenylene,arylene, alkarylene, aralkylene and oxyalkalene, R¹⁶ is selected fromhydrogen, C₁ to C₄ alkyl, —OH, —OR⁷ and —C(O)—R⁷, R¹⁷ is a radicalderived from polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol and mixturesthereof, p and q are each independently from 0 to 6 and the sum of p+qis at least 2 and not more than 8, each occurrence of R⁹ isindependently selected from hydrogen and C₁ to C₄ alkyl, and X is ananion derived from one or more organic or inorganic acids.
 14. Thecomposition of claim 12, wherein R³′ is C₁ to C₄ alkyl.
 15. Thecomposition of claim 12, wherein R¹ and R² are independently selectedfrom H and linear, branched and cyclic C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, alkenyl, aryl,alkaryl and aralkyl.
 16. The composition of claim 12, wherein R¹⁰ is Hor —CH₃.
 17. The composition of claim 12, wherein the hydroxy functionalcompounds include amine functionality such that after thetransesterification reaction the copolymer composition contains aminefunctionality.
 18. The composition of claim 17, wherein the aminefunctionality is primary.
 19. The composition of claim 17, wherein theamine functionality is reacted with phosgene to form an isocyanate. 20.The composition of claim 17, wherein the amine functionality is reactedwith an alkylene carbonate to form the corresponding alkylene hydroxycarbamate.
 21. The composition of claim 20, wherein the alkylenecarbonate is selected from the group consisting of ethylene carbonate,propylene carbonate and butylene carbonate.
 22. The composition of claim12, wherein the copolymer has a number average molecular weight of from500 to 16,000 and a polydispersity index of less than
 4. 23. Thecomposition of claim 12, wherein the reaction product of the reactantand the copolymer comprises residues having the following structuralunits:

wherein R¹, R² and R¹⁰ are as defined in claim 12 and R¹⁴ is one or moreselected from the group consisting of —O—R^(5′), —NR⁶—R⁷,

wherein each occurrence of R⁴ is independently selected from hydrogenand C₁ to C₄ alkyl, R^(5′) is a radical selected from the groupconsisting of linear, cyclic or branched C₂ to C₂₀ alkyl, alkenyl, aryl,alkaryl, aralkyl, alkylol, aralkylol, alkyl thiol, aralkyl thiol, alkylisocyanate, aralkyl isocyanate, blocked alkyl isocyanate, blockedalkaryl isocyanate and radicals derived from polyesters, polyethyleneglycol and polypropylene glycol, each occurrence of R⁶ is independentlyselected from hydrogen and C₁ to C₄ alkyl and alkylol, R⁷ is selectedfrom the group consisting of H, methyl, linear, cyclic or branched C₂ toC₂₀ alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, alkylol, aralkylol, alkylthiol, aralkyl thiol and polyamide radicals, R⁸ is a linking groupselected from the group consisting of linear, cyclic or branched C₂ toC₂₀ alkylene, alkenylene, arylene, alkarylene, aralkylene andoxyalkalene, R¹⁶ is selected from hydrogen, C₁ to C₄ alkyl, —OH, —OR⁷and —C(O)—R⁷, R¹⁷ is a radical derived from polyethylene glycol,polypropylene glycol and mixtures thereof, p and q are eachindependently from 0 to 6 and the sum of p+q is at least 2 and not morethan 8, each occurrence of R⁹ is independently selected from hydrogenand C₁ to C₄ alkyl, and X is an anion derived from one or more organicor inorganic acids.
 24. The composition of claim 1 wherein thecomposition contains co-reactive functional groups.
 25. The compositionof claim 24, wherein the composition is a thermosetting composition. 26.The composition of claim 25 containing (a) the copolymer and (b) atleast one other component; (a) containing reactive functional groups and(b) containing functional groups that are reactive with the functionalgroups of (a).
 27. The composition of claim 26, wherein the functionalgroups of the copolymer are one or more selected from the groupconsisting of epoxy, carboxylic acid, hydroxy, amide, oxazoline, acetoacetate, methylol, methylol ether, isocyanate, carbamate, amine, aminesalt, polysulfide, thiol, and sulfonium salt.
 28. The composition ofclaim 27, wherein the copolymer further comprises one or more saltgroups.
 29. The composition of claim 28, wherein the salt group is anamine salt or an onium salt group.
 30. The composition of claim 27,wherein the functional groups, of (b) are selected from the groupconsisting of epoxy, oxirane, carboxylic acid, hydroxy, polyol, thiol,isocyanate, capped isocyanate, amine, aminoplast, methylol, methylolether, and beta-hydroxyalkylamide and which are coreactive with thefunctional groups in (a).
 31. The composition of claim 27, wherein (a)has a functional group equivalent weight of from 100 to 5,000grams/equivalent.
 32. A substrate, wherein at least a portion of thesubstrate is coated with the thermosetting composition of claim
 26. 33.The composition of claim 25 in which the coreactive functional groupsare in the copolymer.
 34. The composition of claim 33, wherein theco-reactive functional groups are selected from the group consisting ofmethylol, methylol ether, polysulfide and

wherein Z is selected from —O— and —NR⁶—, R⁶ is independently selectedfrom hydrogen and C₁ to C₄ alkyl and alkylol, and R⁸ is a linking groupselected from the group consisting of linear, cyclic or branched C₂ toC₂₀ alkylene, alkenylene, arylene, alkarylene, aralkylene andoxyalkalene.
 35. The composition of claim 33, wherein the co-reactivefunctional groups are two or more selected from the group consisting ofepoxy, carboxylic acid, hydroxy, amide, oxazoline, aceto acetate,isocyanate, capped isocyanate, carbamate, thiol, sulfide, andbeta-hydroxyalkylamide.
 36. A substrate, wherein at least a portion ofthe substrate is coated with the thermosetting composition of claim 33.37. A multi-layer composite coating comprising: (A) a base coat layerdeposited from the thermosetting composition of claim 26, wherein thethermosetting composition is a pigmented film-forming base coatcomposition; and (B) a substantially pigment free top coat depositedover at least a portion of the base coat layer from a top coatcomposition.
 38. A multi-layer composite coating comprising: (A) a basecoat layer deposited from a pigmented film-forming base coatcomposition; and (B) a top coat layer deposited from the thermosettingcomposition of claim 26 over at least a portion of the base coat layer,wherein the thermosetting composition is a substantially pigment freefilm-forming top coat composition.
 39. A multi-layer composite coatingcomprising: (A) a base coat layer deposited from the thermosettingcomposition of claim 26, wherein the thermosetting composition is apigmented film-forming base coat composition; and (B) a top coat layerdeposited from the thermosetting composition of claim 26 over at least aportion of the base coat layer, wherein the thermosetting composition isa substantially pigment free film-forming top coat composition.
 40. Amulti-layer composite coating comprising: (A) a base coat layerdeposited from the thermosetting composition of claim 33, wherein thethermosetting composition is a pigmented film-forming base coatcomposition; and (B) a substantially pigment free top coat depositedover at least a portion of the base coat layer from a top coatcomposition.
 41. A multi-layer composite coating comprising: (A) a basecoat layer deposited from a pigmented film-forming base coatcomposition; and (B) a top coat layer deposited from the thermosettingcomposition of claim 33 over at least a portion of the base coat layer,wherein the thermosetting composition is a substantially pigment freefilm-forming top coat composition.
 42. A multi-layer composite coatingcomprising: (A) a base coat layer deposited from the thermosettingcomposition of claim 33, wherein the thermosetting composition is apigmented film-forming base coat composition; and (B) a top coat layerdeposited from the thermosetting composition of claim 33 over at least aportion of the base coat layer, wherein the thermosetting composition isa substantially pigment free film-forming top coat composition.